Expertise begins with theory of mind

Modeling how someone thinks helps predict where errors will occur. But when that “someone” is an AI agent, behaviors can be independent and uncorrelated, complicating prediction.

Five or fewer feels instant

Humans can perceive up to four or five items instantly and accurately. Beyond that, the visual system switches to slower, effortful, serial processing.

Analogies expose real reasoning abilities

During model evaluations, analogies can stress-test cognitive depth: they require identifying structural relationships that remain constant when surface details change.